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與阿滋海默症有關的基因

** 在具家族性的罹患阿滋海默症的患者身上,發現在染色體21,19,14,12與1上有基因方面的缺陷。
-- 真正家族性個案並有確定遺傳型性的只佔阿滋海默症患者的5-10%而已。
-- 家族性的患者,發病時間通常較早 (30-50歲),也許與遺傳有關,目前發現有:
1。 染色體 21:小於1%的早發型個案與此染色體的基因缺陷有關。此或可解釋為何存活到中年的唐氏症患者會出現此病。此缺陷會影響類澱粉前驅蛋白 (APP)而產生乙型類澱粉的纖維性叢結,而對神經產生毒性。
2。染色體14:有一半的早發型個案與此染色體上的presenilin 1 基因突變有關。
3。染色體1 :其上發現有presenilin 2 基因,但只佔1%的個案。
**較典型的晚發型個案,在60歲後發病,也可能有基因的缺陷:
1。染色體19:其上有負責產生膽固醇運轉酶,apolipoprotein E (apoE)的基因。apoE的E4變異型,會促進纖維性乙型類澱粉的沉積,在40%的個案上被發現帶有此基因,但apoE4的出現並非此病的必需或必要條件。
2。染色體12:在30%的個案上可在染色體12上發現有甲型-2-巨球蛋白的基因。
3。tau蛋白與微小管相關,tau基因 的突變可在一些患者上發現,此不正常的tau蛋白,可解釋在神經纖維性叢結上發現的螺旋性纖維物質與之有關。

Familial cases tend to have an earlier age at onset. Genetic defects in
familial cases have been identified on chromosomes 21, 19, 14, 12 and 1.
The
so-called "early onset" cases of AD in persons in their 30's, 40's, and
50's may have a genetic basis. Less than 1% of early onset AD cases are
linked to a genetic defect on chromosome 21
About half of early onset AD cases are linked to mutations in the presenilin 1 gene on chromosome 14.
A presenilin 2 gene has been discovered on chromosome 1, but this defect accounts for less than 1% of cases.
The
more typical "late onset" cases of AD occurring after age 60 may have
underlying genetic defects. A genetic locus on chromosome 19 encodes
for a cholesterol transporter called apolipoprotein E (apoE).
A
genetic locus on chromosome 12 that encodes for alpha-2-macroglobulin
may be found in 30% of AD cases. Mutations in the tau gene which codes
for tau, a protein that is associated with microtubules, can be found in some AD cases.
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